Heat pump and refrigerant valves

How you know it is this

• Poor cabin heating or cooling
• A noticeable loss of range in extreme temperatures
• A thermal or climate fault code
• Battery not pre-conditioning before a rapid charge

Worth knowing before you buy

• A heat pump moves heat rather than making it, which is why it is far more efficient than a resistive heater — and why a failure costs real range.
• It shares the refrigerant circuit with the air conditioning, so a refrigerant leak affects both cooling and battery thermal management.
• The valves are electrically controlled and fail more often than the pump. Cheaper, too.
• Refrigerant work needs the correct equipment and the correct gas type.

Rest of the thermal management

• Electric coolant pumps
• Chiller and heat exchanger
• Coolant expansion tank and lines
• High-voltage cabin heater (PTC)